Geneticin Disulfate is a highly effective antibiotic against gram-negative bacteria. However, it has no therapeutic application for infections caused by these bacteria as it creates severe toxicity for the kidneys. This antibiotic and its resistance genes, however, have applications in gene cloning studies. Gentamicin sulfate antibiotic is used to select transgenic cell lines including P. pastoris and S. cerevisiae yeasts, some other eukaryotic cell lines, as well as plant and bacterial cells.